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Faith is an integral part of millions of Americans daily lives. One Nation Under God is committed to reflecting Americas voices, values and communities, covering stories of faith and religion, from the latest headlines to stories of hope. Subscribe here.(NewsNation) Since the United States' strikes on three nuclear sites in Iran, churches and other houses of worship across the country have begun to pray intensely for peace. But is aggression ever morally justifiable, according to religious traditions? The short answer is yes, under certain circumstances.Heres a quick snapshot of the just war theory, according to different philosophical and faith traditions.Cicero's 'just war' theoryThe just war theory dates back to ancient Rome. Cicero, the Roman statesman and philosopher, was one of the earliest thinkers to articulate a theory of just war (in Latin known as bellum iustum). His approach, grounded in natural law and Roman legal tradition, emphasized morality, justice and the rule of law in warfare.New Texas law will require Ten Commandments to be posted in every public school classroomAccording to Cicero, a war is only just if its undertaken for a just cause, primarily self-defense or the defense of one's nation. Cicero said ambition or conquest are not a legitimate cause, but restoring justice is."Wars ought to be waged for this purpose, that we may live in peace without suffering wrong, Cicero wrote in "De Officiis (On Duties)."In his writings, Cicero outlined a few key principles related to war or military aggression. He said only legitimate public authorities, not private individuals, can declare and wage war. War must be formally declared and preceded by negotiation, not sudden aggression. During war, justice and humanity must be preserved. And war must be aimed at establishing a just and stable peace.Pope Leo XIV says there should be no tolerance for abuse in Catholic ChurchCicero laid the groundwork for later thinkers on just war in both the Roman and Christian traditions. His emphasis on natural law, public authority and moral restraint became the foundation for the Western just war tradition.War and justice in HinduismHinduism has a deep and nuanced tradition regarding war and justice, found in sacred texts such as the Mahabharata and the Bhagavad Gita, an ancient Sanskrit epic that dates back to the second or first century B.C.While Hinduism does not have a systematic just war theory in the same way as Cicero, it offers profound moral guidance on when war is acceptable, how it is to be conducted, and the inner disposition a warrior should have.According to the Bhagavad Gita, a war should only be fought to defend "dharma," the moral and cosmic order. Warriors have a sacred duty to defend society, but that duty should be guided by moral righteousness, not personal desire.The ethical rules of engagement during war include not attacking the unarmed, wounded or fleeing, and not fighting at night or outside the battlefield. Opponents should fight on equal terms. For example, horseman vs. horseman. One should not strike an enemy who is turned away, who seeks refuge, who is asleep or who is without a weapon, according to the Mahabharata.In Hinduism, war is always a last resort. Ancient Hindu sacred text emphasize the futility of war and the suffering it causes. Victory breeds hatred. The defeated lives in pain. The wise live in peace, giving up both victory and defeat, according to the Bhagavad Gita.'Just war' theory in ChristianitySt. Augustine of Hippo (354-430 A.D.) is considered the founder of the just war theory in Christian thought. He took Greek and Roman ideas, especially from Cicero, and developed them through a Christian lens, offering the first coherent Christian doctrine of just war. He deeply influenced later thinkers, including St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274).Pope Leo concerned about AIs impact on childrenAccording to Augustine, war is the tragic result of human sin and is not part of Gods original plan. He said war is not good but sometimes morally necessary in a fallen world to protect the innocent, punish evil or restore peace.Augustine wrestled with the paradox of a peaceful religion, Christianity, that permitted war. His answer: War can be a form of charity if it protects people. A soldier can love his enemy and still fight if his goal is peace and his actions are just.Centuries later, St. Thomas Aquinas provided the most systematic formulation of the just war theory. His ideas are primarily found in the Summa Theologiae.200 Christians brutally killed in Nigeria: ReportAquinas lays out three essential criteria for a war to be just. War should be declared by someone with legitimate authority and acts for the common good (i.e. a government or ruler, not private individuals). There must be a real and morally grave reason for the war: to avenge a wrong, defend the nation or restore justice. And the motive must be to promote good and avoid evil, particularly the restore of peace.What does Islam say about just war?Islam developed its own version of the just war theory, although it is not framed in the same way as Christian or Western thought.Islamic teachings on war and peace are rooted in the Qur'an, sayings of the Prophet Muhummad and later Islamic jurisprudence or Sharia law.Persian princess marries in interfaith unionIslamic just war theory overlaps with classical just war theory, specifically regarding legitimate authority, just cause, and conduct in war.Islam emphasizes peace as the preferred path and views war as a last resort, permissible only under certain circumstances. War is permitted in self-defense, to end religious persecution or to uphold treaties or defend allies.What is jihad in Islam?Jihad literally means struggle or striving in the path of God. It is a broad spiritual and moral concept, not limited to warfare.Jihad can refer to ones inner struggle against sin, laziness, injustice or ignorance. It includes efforts to improve, grow spiritually and live a moral life.Justin Bieber still a Jesus guy amid social media dramaJihad can also refer to armed struggle. It is only allowed in the following circumstances: for self-defense, fighting oppression, restoring justice or securing religious freedom.According to the Quran, jihad does not justify terrorism or forced conversions. The killing of the innocent is strictly forbidden.